FAQ - Solar Energy Systems

1. General Information – Solar Energy Systems (FAQ)

 

1. What is a solar energy system?
A solar energy system consists of photovoltaic (PV) panels and supporting equipment that generate electricity from sunlight.

 

2. What does “GES” or "SPP" mean?
“GES” stands for Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant. It refers to systems that convert sunlight directly into electricity through solar panels.

 

3. Where can solar electricity be used?
It can be used in homes, workplaces, factories, and agricultural facilities. Any excess production can be supplied to the grid.

 

4. What is an on-grid system?
A system connected to the power grid that sends excess electricity directly to it.

 

5. What is an off-grid system?
An independent system that stores the generated energy in batteries and uses it only for self-consumption.

 

6. What is a hybrid system?
A hybrid system can work both connected to the grid and with battery backup. It provides power during outages.

 

7. What is a solar panel?
A solar panel is the main component that converts sunlight into electricity. Monocrystalline panels offer the highest efficiency.

 

8. What is an inverter?
An inverter converts the direct current (DC) from panels into alternating current (AC) for the grid or the building. It is the device that delivers the produced electricity to the electrical system.

 

9. What does “Wp” mean?
Wp means Watt-peak and represents the maximum power a solar panel can produce under ideal conditions.

 

10. What does “We” mean?
We means Watt-electric, referring to the electrical power supplied by the inverter to the grid or facility's electrical system.

 

11. How much space does one panel occupy?
Depending on its type and power, a 590 W panel covers about 2.6 m² of area.

 

12. How much does one panel weigh?
Depending on the model, a 590 W panel weighs around 32 kg.

 

13. What is solar panel efficiency?
It shows how much of the sunlight is converted into electricity. Modern panels are typically 21–23% efficient.

 

14. Which direction should panels face?
Panels should ideally face south to achieve the highest annual energy production.

 

15. How much electricity can solar panels produce?
Production depends on solar irradiation and panel tilt. In Türkiye, a 10 kW system typically produces 11,000–14,000 kWh per year.

 

16. Does a solar system eliminate the electricity bill?
It depends on consumption and system capacity. Properly sized systems can greatly reduce or nearly eliminate bills.

 

17. How much roof area is needed for a 10 kW system?
Approx. 55–65 m² of roof area is sufficient. The exact area depends on panel layout and efficiency.

 

18. What is the lifespan of a solar energy system?
Solar panels last around 25–30 years, while inverters have a lifespan and warranty of 5–10 years.

 

19. How does solar energy benefit the environment?
It lowers carbon emissions, reduces fossil fuel use, and supports the transition to renewable energy.

 

20. What is the payback period for a solar investment?

The payback period is usually between 5–7 years, depending on electricity prices, solar irradiation, and system cost.

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2. Rooftop Solar Energy Systems in Türkiye (FAQ)

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1. What is a rooftop solar power system?
It is a system installed on the roof of a home or business that generates electricity from sunlight.

 

2. Do I need a license to install a solar system?
No. In Türkiye, systems up to 25 kW can be installed without a production license.

 

3. What does “unlicensed generation” mean?
It allows you to produce electricity for your consumption, and any surplus energy transferred to the grid.

 

4. How much electricity can a 10 kW system produce?
Depending on the region, a 10 kW system can generate approximately 11,000–14,000 kWh per year.

 

5. How much roof space is required for a 10 kW system?
Approximately 55–65 m² of suitable roof area is needed. The exact space depends on panel size, tilt angle, and spacing.

 

6. Who can install a rooftop solar system?
Homeowners, apartment associations, and businesses can install these systems.

 

7. Where should the application be made?
Applications are submitted to the electricity distribution company for your region — for example, TREDAŞ in Tekirdağ, BEDAŞ in Istanbul, or Toroslar EDAŞ in Adana.
You can find up-to-date application details on their official websites.

 

8. Is municipal approval required for installation?
Commercial and industrial buildings typically need a municipal compliance letter or a structural safety (static) report to confirm the roof’s load-bearing capacity.

 

9. Can solar panels be installed on flat roofs?
Yes. Panels can be mounted on adjustable stands to achieve the desired tilt angle.

 

10. Is the roof tilt angle important?
Yes. A 25–35° tilt angle generally provides the best year-round performance.
The optimal angle depends on the roof type and your location’s solar angle.

 

11. How long does installation take?
Depending on roof condition and system size, installation typically takes 3–6 weeks.

 

12. Will there be power interruptions during installation?

There may be a short power outage during the final grid connection phase.

 

13. What happens to surplus electricity?
After monthly netting, surplus energy fed into the grid is purchased by the regional electricity supply company at the applicable retail tariff for 10 years.

 

14. What is “net metering”?
It’s the monthly calculation of the difference between the energy you supply to and draw from the grid.

 

15. Does the system work during a power outage?
Grid-tied (on-grid) systems shut down for safety during outages. Battery-supported systems can continue supplying power.

 

16. What type of roof is suitable?
Roofs that are strong, shade-free, and properly angled are ideal for installation.

 

17. Can a rooftop solar system damage the building?
No. Properly designed and installed systems do not damage the roof structure.

 

18. What is the warranty period for solar systems?

Panels are typically warranted for 25–30 years, and inverters for 5–10 years.

 

19. How long do solar systems last?
Well-maintained systems can operate efficiently for 20 years or more.

 

20. How is maintenance and cleaning performed?
Panels should be cleaned a few times a year, and electrical connections should be checked regularly. Cleaning frequency depends on local conditions — more frequent cleaning is recommended in dusty or bird-active areas.

 

21. How can I monitor system performance?
Most systems include an online monitoring platform that displays production data via a mobile app or computer.

 

22. What is the function of an inverter?
It converts the direct current (DC) generated by the panels into alternating current (AC) for use in the building or for feeding into the grid.

 

23. What type of meter is used?
A bi-directional meter approved by the distribution company is used, measuring both consumption and production.

 

24. Can a solar system be insured?
Yes. Solar systems can be insured against fire, storms, lightning, and theft.

 

25. How much can I save with solar power?
For residential users, solar energy can significantly reduce or nearly eliminate electricity bills.

 

26. What is the payback period for the investment?
Depending on system size and electricity prices, the payback period is typically 5–7 years.

 

27. Are there any loans or incentives available?
Yes. Many banks offer green energy loans.

 

28. Can the system be relocated?
Yes. However, relocation requires a new application and grid connection approval.

 

29. Who performs system inspection after installation?
The local distribution company conducts safety and performance checks after meter connection and system commissioning.

 

30. How does solar energy benefit the environment?
Solar power reduces fossil fuel use, lowers carbon emissions, and supports the transition to renewable energy.

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3. Components and Operation of Solar Energy Systems (FAQ)

 

1. What does a solar panel do?
A solar panel converts sunlight into electrical energy. The electricity is generated within the cells of the panel.

 

2. What are the types of solar panels?
The most common types are monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels. Monocrystalline panels offer higher efficiency.

 

3. What does panel power mean?
Panel power (for example, 590 W) indicates the maximum amount of electricity the panel can produce under ideal conditions.

 

4. How much electricity does one panel produce?
A 590 W panel generates about 2–3 kWh per day, depending on sunlight duration and intensity.

 

5. What does panel efficiency mean?
Efficiency shows how much of the sunlight received is converted into electricity.
Modern panels have an efficiency of 21–23%.

 

6. Do panels work in shaded areas?
Shading reduces production. Using optimizers helps minimize power loss caused by shading.

 

7. Do panels work in winter?
Yes. Panels continue to generate electricity as long as there is sunlight, but production decreases due to shorter days.

 

8. Does the tilt angle affect production?
Yes. In Türkiye, panels perform best when tilted 25–35° facing south.

 

9. How are panels arranged?
Panels are grouped in series or parallel connections. The configuration depends on the inverter capacity.

 

10. How are panels mounted?
They are fixed to the roof using aluminum structures. Installation considers wind and load resistance.

 

11. What is an inverter and what does it do?
An inverter converts DC power generated by the panels into AC power used by the grid or the facility.

 

12. What are the types of inverters?
The main types are string, micro, and hybrid inverters. Hybrid inverters can work with battery systems.

 

13. How is inverter capacity selected?
It is usually chosen within 80–110% of the total system power.

 

14. What is inverter efficiency?
Modern inverters have an efficiency of 97–98%.

 

15. Should the inverter always stay on?
Yes. Inverters automatically operate during the day and enter standby mode at night. Manual shutdown is not required.

 

16. Where should the inverter be installed?
It should be placed in a cool, shaded, and dry location, protected from direct sunlight and rain.

 

17. Does the inverter make noise?
Models with cooling fans may produce a low sound. This is normal.

 

18. What does the battery system do?

Batteries store excess solar energy produced during the day for use at night or during power outages.

 

19. What types of batteries are used?

Lithium-ion batteries are the most common type. They are efficient and long-lasting.

 

20. How is battery capacity determined?
It depends on consumption habits. For an average household, 5–10 kWh capacity is sufficient.

 

21. Can the system be installed without batteries?
Yes. On-grid systems don’t require batteries, but batteries are preferred for uninterrupted energy supply.

 

22. What is a Smart Power Sensor?
It measures real-time production and consumption, optimizing energy flow.

 

23. What does an optimizer do?
It monitors and regulates each panel individually, reducing power loss caused by shading.

 

24. What is a Smart Logger (Data Logger)?
It records system performance data and allows remote monitoring.

 

25. What does a Smart Charger do?
It enables electric vehicles to be charged with solar energy. Some models can operate with battery or grid support.

 

26. How are panels connected?
DC cables from the panels connect to the inverter, and AC cables from the inverter connect to the electrical panel.

 

27. What type of cables are used in solar systems?
UV-resistant solar cables designed for high-temperature operation are used.

 

28. Why is grounding important?
It prevents electrical leakage and lightning damage, enhancing system safety.

 

29. Are fuses used in solar systems?
Yes. Fuses protect both the DC and AC sides from overcurrent and short circuits.

 

30. What is a surge protector (SPD)?
It protects inverters and panels from lightning strikes and voltage surges.

 

31. Is there a fire risk in solar systems?
The risk is very low when high-quality components and professional installation are used. Regular maintenance further minimizes it.

 

32. How is system production monitored?
Real-time and historical data can be viewed through the inverter screen or a mobile app.

 

33. What should be done if production decreases?
Check for dirt, shading, or connection problems on the panels.

 

34. How should panels be cleaned?
Use a soft cloth or sponge with distilled water only. Do not use detergents.

 

35. How often should panels be cleaned?

2–4 times per year is generally sufficient. In dusty regions, more frequent cleaning is recommended.

 

36. Do panels degrade over time?
Yes. Panels typically lose 0.3–0.5% performance per year and retain about 80% capacity after 25 years.

 

37. What happens if the inverter fails?
Production stops. Once the issue is resolved, the system restarts automatically.

 

38. How can system faults be detected?
Error messages appear on the inverter screen or low production alerts are shown in the app.

 

39. Can solar systems be monitored remotely?
Yes. Systems with internet connections can be monitored online in real time.

 

40. Does high temperature affect production?
Yes. As temperature increases, panel efficiency slightly decreases. Adequate ventilation helps reduce this effect.

 

41. Can wind or snow damage panels?
No, if properly installed. Panels are tested to withstand specific wind and snow loads.

 

42. What does the fuse box do in a solar system?
It protects both the DC and AC circuits, improving system safety during faults.

 

43. Is system data recorded?
Yes. Devices such as Smart Loggers continuously record performance data.

 

44. How is lightning protection provided?
Surge protectors and grounding systems work together to safely discharge lightning to the ground.

 

45. How often should maintenance be performed?
At least once a year, a professional inspection is recommended. Cables, connections, and inverter condition should be checked.

 

46. How durable is the system?
High-quality systems can operate safely for over 25 years.

 

47. What should be done if panels crack or discolor?
They should be evaluated under the manufacturer’s warranty and replaced if necessary.

 

48. What temperature range can solar systems operate in?
Panels typically operate reliably between –40°C and +85°C.

 

49. Can new panels be added to an existing system?
Yes, if inverter capacity allows. Additional inverters may be required for expansion.

 

50. How can system performance be improved?
Regular cleaning, avoiding shading, and keeping software up to date help maximize production efficiency.​